UROGENITAL SYSTEM

Dr. J. H. Baker

OBJECTIVES:

Using the cadaver and this syllabus, the student should be able to:

1. Visualize the location of the kidneys and their relationships to other structures.
2. Describe the anatomy and the location of the ureters.
3. Describe the anatomical features of the bladder.
4. Describe the blood supply, innervation, and functions of the organs of the urinary system.
5. Describe the development of the kidneys and ureter.
6. Identify anatomical components of the male and female reproductive system and understand their location within the body.
7. Describe the basic functions of each organ relative to reproductive and endocrine activity.
8. Discuss the anatomical pathways in both sexes that a gamete must travel from the site of production to the site of fertilization.
9. Understand the basic way in which both male and female reproductive systems develop.

OUTLINE:

I. Kidneys

1. Location. The kidneys are in the upper part of the posterior portion of the abdomen opposite the 12^th thoracic and the first three lumbar vertebrae. Due to the presence of the liver the right kidney is a little lower than the left.

1. Retroperitoneal

2. Ascent

B. Relationships

1. Right kidney

a. superior – diaphragm, liver and adrenal glands

b.inferior – colon

c. anterior – liver on the upper part, the colon on the lower part, and a part of the duodenum near the hilum

d. posterior – the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

2. Left kidney. Anterior – large area in contact with the spleen and an area near the hilum in contact with the pancreas

A. Support and protection

1. Renal vessels

2. Perirenal fat

3. Renal fascia

4. Pararenal fat

5. Peritoneum

B. Gross anatomy

1. Renal hilus

   2. Renal sinus

   3. Fibrous capsule

   4. Renal cortex – the outer one-third

   5. Renal Medulla – renal pyramids and renal columns

   6. Major calyx

7. Minor calyx

C. Blood supply

F. Lymphatic drainage

A. Innervation

1. Sympathetic

2. Parasympathetic

II. Ureters

A. Renal pelvis

B. Ureter proper

C. Blood supply

D. Lymphatic drainage

E. Innervation

6. Urinary bladder

1. 1. Structure

1. 1. Surfaces and relationships
   2. Interior
   3. Bladder wall

1. 1. Blood supply
   2. Innervation

1. 1. Sympathetic
   2. Parasympathetic
   3. Somatic

4. Development of Kidney and Ureter

1. 1. Intermediate Mesoderm: portion of the germ layer from which the kidney and ureter are derived.
   2.  
   3. Nephrogenic cord: solid unsegmented mass of tissue found in the lower thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions
   4. Procession of excretory systems

1. 1. Pronephros
   2. Mesonephros
   3. Metanephros

4. Male Reproductive Organs

1. 1. Testes – Spermatogenesis and androgen production

1. 1. Scrotum
   2. Testicular artery
   3. Lumbar lymph nodes
   4. Pampiniform plexus of veins

1. 1. Epidydimis – Sperm storage

1. 1. Scrotum
   2. Testicular artery

1. 1. Vas Deferens – conduit for sperm transport

1. 1. Scrotum, spermatic cord and pelvic cavity
   2. Artery of the vas, and testicular artery

1. 1. Seminal Vesicles – produce and secrete bulk of semen

1. 1. Pelvic cavity
   2. Inferior and middle rectal arteries

1. 1. Ejaculatory ducts - Union of vas and seminal vesicle
   2. Prostate Gland – Produces and secretes seminal fluid

1. 1. Pelvic cavity – surrounding prostatic urethra
   2. Inferior vesical and middle rectal arteries

1. 1. Penis – conduit for sperm delivery

4. Female reproductive organs

1. 1. Ovaries – oogenesis, estrogen, and progesterone production

1. 1. Pelvic cavity
   2. Ovarian artery

1. 1. Uterine Tubes

1. 1. Pelvic cavity
   2. Ovarian and Uterine arteries

1. 1. Uterus - Site for embryo implantation and development

1. 1. Parts
   2. Uterine artery
   3. Menstruation and Pregnancy

1. 1. Ligaments

1. 1. Broad
   2. Round
   3. Uterosacral
   4. Suspensory ligament of ovary
   5. Meosalphinx and mesovarium

1. 1. Vagina – conduit for reception of sperm

1. 1. Parts
   2. Blood supply

1. 1. External genitalia

4. Development of reproductive system

1. 1. Indifferent stage
   2.  
   3. Development of gonads
   4.  
   5. Development of ducts

D. Development of external genitalia